Siemens ET6..EE11 Manual de usuario descargar pdf (Pagina 15)

ZUSAMMENFASSUNG, SUMMARY, RÉSUMÉ - 15 -

SUMMARY

Since 1958, all data on environmental radioactivity from measurements performed by authorised laboratories have

been published in quarterly reports and, since 1968, in annual reports. In addition to the results from environmental

monitoring, these reports include data on the population exposure due to natural and man-made radiation sources. In

the following, information is given on exposures

- sources of natural and technologically enhanced radioactivity,

- nuclear weapons tests,

- effects from the Chernobyl reactor accident,

- nuclear installations,

- occupational exposure,

- medical applications,

- the handling of radioactive substances in research and technology,

- radioactive waste,

- radiation accidents or other emergencies.

Since 2001, this report has also contained information about non-ionising radiation and research in this field.

The table below shows the mean radiation exposure of the general public in the Federal Republic of Germany in 2009,

broken down into the various sources of radiation. The mean effective dose is about 3,9 mSv and therefore remained

almost unchanged, compared to the previous year.

MEAN EFFECTIVE DOSE TO THE POPULATION IN THE

FEDERAL REPUB

LIC OF GERMANY DURING THE YEAR 2009

* according to data from 2008, evaluation from 2010

Natural radiation sources

Exposure from natural radiation sources consists of both an external and an internal component due to natural radio-

act

ive substances in the environment. A major source of external radiation exposure consists of both cosmic and ter-

restrial radiation from the natural radionuclide K-40 together with the radionuclides of the natural decay chains of U-238

and Th-232. The internal component of radiation exposure is largely caused by the inhalation of the natural noble gas

radon and its daughter nuclides, and partially also by the intake of natural radioactive substances with drinking water

and food. Typically, natural radiation sources contribute to the effective dose to the level of 1 to 6 millisievert per year.

The nominal mean value, calculated on the basis of the dose factors set out in the EURATOM basic safety standards,

is 2.1 millisievert per year, resulting in particular from the inhalation of radon in buildings. An annual comparison shows

that there are only slight variations in exposure to natural radiation sources. All individual contributions to the annual

mean effective dose are listed in the above table.

Mean effective dose

mSv/year

1. Radiation exposure from natural sources

1.1 cosmic radiation (at sea level) approx. 0.3

1.2 external terrestrial radiation approx. 0.4

outdoor (5 h/d) approx. 0.1

indoor (19 h/d) approx. 0.3

1.3 inhalation of radon and its progeny approx. 1.1

outdoors (5 h/d) approx. 0.2

indoors (19 h/d) approx. 0.9

1.4 ingestion of natural radioactive substances approx. 0.3

Total natural radiation exposure approx. 2.1

2. Radiation exposure from man-made sources

2.1 fallout from nuclear weapons tests < 0.01

2.2 effects from the accident in the Chernobyl nuclear power plant 0.012

2.3 nuclear installations < 0.01

2.4 use of radioactive substances and ionising radiation in medicine

diagnostic nuclear medicine* (therapy excluded)

approx. 1.8

approx. 0.1

Total of man-made radiation exposure approx. 1.8

1 2 ... 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 ... 314 315

Comentarios a estos manuales

Sin comentarios

Siemens ET6..EE11 Manual de usuario Pagina 15

Comentarios a estos manuales

Relacionado con productos y manuales para Placas Siemens ET6..EE11